What is an ovarian cyst?
An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac in or on a person’s ovary. The ovaries are part of the female reproductive system. They produce eggs and hormones.
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Ovarian cysts are very common. They often occur during ovulation. This is when the ovary releases an egg each month. These are called functional cysts. Most are noncancerous. Many times, these cysts go away on their own without treatment.
Symptoms of an ovarian cyst
Often, functional cysts do not cause any symptoms. You may have one and not know it. Other times they can cause symptoms, including:
- Sharp or dull pain in the lower abdomen, usually on one side
- Bloating
- Menstrual irregularities
- Nausea and vomiting
- Feeling full after eating a small amount
- Constipation
If you are menopausal and are not having periods, functional cysts shouldn’t form. But it is possible for other types of ovarian cysts to form. Call your doctor if you experience any of the symptoms of an ovarian cyst.
What causes an ovarian cyst?
What causes an ovarian cyst?
The most common causes of ovarian cysts include:
- Hormonal problems. They can also be caused by hormone-based medicines that help ovulation.
- Early pregnancy. It is normal for an ovarian cyst to form during early pregnancy. It helps support the pregnancy until the placenta forms.
- Endometriosis. People with a condition called endometriosis can develop a type of ovarian cyst called endometrioma. This is when endometriosis tissue attaches to the ovary and forms growth.
- Pelvic infections. Severe infections can spread to the ovaries and cause cysts to form.
- Polycystic ovary syndrome. This is a disease where the ovaries make many small cysts. It can cause problems with the ovaries and with getting pregnant.
Who gets ovarian cysts?
It is common for a person with regular periods to develop an ovarian cyst. It is usually harmless and goes away on its own. They are less common after menopause. Individuals who have reached menopause and have an ovarian cyst are at higher risk for ovarian cancer.
How is an ovarian cyst diagnosed?
Oftentimes, your doctor will feel a cyst during a pelvic exam. If you have a cyst, your doctor can do two things. One is to wait and watch to see if the cyst changes or starts causing symptoms. The other is to order tests to help plan treatment. What they choose to do depends on several factors. These include your age and if you’re having symptoms.
If your doctor orders tests, they will probably want you to have a sonogram (ultrasound) so they can look at the cyst. A sonogram uses sound waves to make pictures of organs in the body. With a sonogram, your doctor can see the size, shape, and location of the cyst as well as if it is solid or filled with fluid.
Your doctor could also order other tests. These could include:
- A pregnancy test to rule out pregnancy as the cause of the cyst.
- Hormone level tests to see if you have problems with your hormones.
- A CA-125 blood test to measure the amount of cancer-antigen 125 in your blood. If you are past menopause, your doctor may order this test to see if your cyst could be cancerous.
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