The most important PsychoAge and SubjAge features belonged to the categories of closer relationships and health

PsychoAge and SubjAge provide better than baseline estimates for chronological age and subjective age, respectively, in MIDUS 2 (N samples = 3870) and in MIDUS Refresher (N = 2521). (A) PsychoAge chronological age predictions in MIDUS 2 (MAE = 7.18 years; epsilon-accuracy = 0.73). (B) SubjAge subjective age predictions in MIDUS 2 (MAE = 8.53 years; epsilon accuracy = 0.66). (C) PsychoAge chronological age predictions in MIDUS Refresher (MAE = 7.73 years; epsilon-accuracy = 0.70). (D) SubjAge subjective age predictions in MIDUS Refresher (MAE = 8.56 years; epsilon accuracy = 0.65). Red lines mark ordinary least squares regressions. R2 stands for coefficient of determination, MAE stands for Mean Absolute Error, ?-acc stands for epsilon-accuracy.

The predictions displayed in the scatter plot were obtained during CV. Red lines mark ordinary least squares regressions. R2 stands for coefficient of determination, MAE stands for Mean Absolute Error, ?-acc stands for epsilon-accuracy.

Psycho-social feature importance analysis

We explored the importance of the features used by PsychoAge and SubjAge using PFI and DFS techniques on MIDUS 1. Scores produced by them were normalized and averaged to yield two feature lists in which all features were ranked according to the magnitude of their effect on model output ( Figure 4 ).

PsychoAge and SubjAge use the same variables to predict chronological and subjective age, but assign different importance to them. (A) Top-25 important features for estimating chronological age with PsychoAge. Features not present in the SubjAge top-25 list (marked by arrows): health compared to others your age, neuroticism personality trait, middle age upper limit (men), control over life in general now for psychological age prediction. (B) Top-25 important features for estimating subjective age with SubjAge. Features not present in the PsychoAge top-25 list (marked by arrows): rate current work situation, extraversion personality trait, openness personality trait, shortness of breath while walking up a slight hill, rate sex life currently, positive reappraisal (secondary control). Mean importance is the normalized mean of PFI and DFS importance scores.

The headaches frequency (30 days) variable was ranked fifth most important for PsychoAge, while in SubjAge it was ranked only ninth.

Interestingly, the top-25 feature lists are quite dissimilar between PsychoAge and SubjAge. We explored these dissimilarities to see which features determine the difference between psychological aging and human idea of it (subjective aging). Variables such as (i) health compared to others your age, (ii) neuroticism personality trait, (iii) middle age upper limit (men), and (iv) control over life in general are identified as important only in PsychoAge ( Figure 4A ). Conversely, some variables were important only for SubjAge predictions: rate current work situation, (ii) extraversion personality trait, (iii) openness personality trait, (iv) shortness of breath while walking up a slight hill, (v) rate sex life currently, and (vi) positive reappraisal (secondary control) ( Figure 4B ).

More specifically, top-5 important features in both these aging clocks contained variables describing rate sex life in 10 years and marital status (closer relationships category), as well as health limits on vigorous activity, prescription medications for blood pressure (health category)

Note that Nalchik beautiful girl in the world neuroticism was the only big five personality trait present in the top-25 features for PsychoAge. In the meantime, openness and extraversion are the only big five personality traits important for SubjAge prediction. This finding can be interpreted as neurotic tendencies being inherent to psychological aging, while changes in openness and extraversion are much less significant parts of this process. They, however, greatly affect the personal perception of age.

Feature importance analysis with PFI and DFS is sufficient to determine the significance of features in absolute terms, but it does not convey any information on the direction of change. Other methods should be employed to associate psychological aging, for example, with increasing or decreasing neuroticism (see Results: Psychological aging across different age groups).